UMBILICAL CORD CONTENTS MNEMONICS AND EASY TRICKS FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS.

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MINI MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION (MMSE) SCORE MNEMONIC "ORAL CL"

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The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used tool to assess cognitive function. It includes questions related to various cognitive domains, such as orientation, memory, attention, and language. The maximum score is 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. It's often employed in clinical settings to screen for cognitive impairment and monitor changes over time. MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (MMSE)  Mnemonic -"ORAL CL"  MMSE scoring   ✓24-30: no cognitive impairment.  ✓18-23: mild cognitive impairment.  ✓0-17: severe cognitive impairment.  *The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assesses cognitive function through various components :   ✓Orientation: Testing awareness of time and place.  ✓Registration: Assessing the ability to remember and repeat a series of words. ✓Attention and Calculation: Evaluating basic arithmetic and attention skills. ✓Recall: Checking the ability to remember the previously mentio...
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Glucose Transporters

PYQ 1 [AIIMS PG 2018] The mechanism by which glucose is absorbed in the intestine is: A. Primary active transport  B. Secondary active transport  C. Facilitated diffusion  D. Any of the above  Answer: B Types of glucose transporters :  There are various types of glucose transporters, also known as GLUT proteins.  ✓ GLUT1 : Found in many tissues, including red blood cells and the blood-brain barrier. It ensures a constant glucose supply. Example: Erythrocytes (red blood cells).  ✓ GLUT2 : Predominantly in the liver, pancreas, and small intestine. It plays a role in glucose sensing. Example: Liver cells.  ✓ GLUT3 : Mainly in neurons, ensuring a continuous glucose supply to the brain. Example: Neurons in the central nervous system.  ✓ GLUT4 : Present in muscle and adipose (fat) tissues, facilitating insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Example: Skeletal muscle cells.  ✓ GLUT5 : Primarily found in the small intestine and is responsible for fruc...
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EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA & SPINAL ANAESTHESIA PIERCING STRUCTURE MNEMONICS, SIL vs SILDA

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STRUCTURE PIERCED WHILE GIVING SPINAL ANAESTHESIA MNEMONICS "SIL-DA"  ✓skin  ✓subcutaneous tissue  ✓supraspinous ligament  ✓Interspinous ligament  ✓ligementum flavum  ✓Dura mater  ✓Arachnoid mater.  Next Structure, Not to be pierced by needle ,Subarachnoid space(CSF) & Pia mater. SITE OF SPINAL OR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA:- Adult :L3-L4 level Children: L4-L5 N.B: Adult Spinal cord ends at L1, Infant Spinal cord ends at L3 (reaches adult level at age 3-5 years) CONTRAINDICATIONS OF REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA: Infection at the Site: Spinal anesthesia is contraindicated if there is an active infection at the site where the injection would be administered, as it could lead to the spread of infection into the cerebrospinal fluid. Severe Coagulopathy: Patients with severe blood clotting disorders or those on anticoagulant medications may be at increased risk of bleeding complications during spinal anesthesia, making it a contraindicati...
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